Resolving Community–Corporate Conflicts: Evidence from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract

Land disputes between local communities and companies in North Sumatra remain a recurring and complex issue, particularly concerning land rights, customary (ulayat) rights, and the utilization of natural resources. These conflicts often arise due to overlapping permits, weak recognition of indigenous communities’ rights, and corporate expansion practices that neglect social and environmental aspects. This study aims to examine the root causes of land disputes in North Sumatra, analyze conflict resolution patterns through both litigation and non-litigation approaches, and assess their impacts on the social, economic, and political lives of local communities. The research method employed is a literature review, focusing on recent academic works (2016–2025) and case studies such as the conflicts in Puncak Siosar, Pandumaan–Sipituhuta, and state-owned plantation areas. The findings indicate that dispute resolution is often inconclusive due to legal uncertainty and the limited role of the state in ensuring agrarian justice..